The First World War was an unprecedented cataclysm that kill jillion and lay out the continent of Europe on the path to further catastrophe two decades later . But it did n’t make out out of nowhere . With the centenary of the outbreak of hostilities coming up in August , Erik Sass will be looking back at the lead-in - up to the state of war , when seemingly minor moments of friction accumulate until the situation was ready to burst . He ’ll be cover those case 100 years after they occur . This is the 107th instalment in the serial .
March 10-11, 1914: Mixed Messages from Italy
In the opening month of the Great War , Germany and Austria - Hungary were enraged by the failure of their supposed ally Italy to come to their aid , compounded by an even capital perfidy when the Italians side with their enemies and attacked Austria - Hungary in May 1915 ( shown above ) . Public opinion condemn the “ treacherous Latins ” for this “ stab in the back , ” but as always the Sojourner Truth was more complicated .
Italy first join Germany and Austria - Hungary in the defensive Triple Alliance in 1882 , mostly out of concern of France , which had invade Italy under Francis I , Louis XIV , and Napoleon Bonaparte ; annex Corsica in 1768 ; stationed troop in Rome and annex Italian - speaking Savoy and Nice under Napoleon III ; and more recently oppose Italy ’s colonial ambitions in North Africa . But when France give up new territorial title and shape a closer relationship with Italy ’s booster Britain , Italian motives for adhering to the Alliance faded .
Italy also had unfinished business with her “ friend ” Austria - Hungary , which hold Italian - speaking territory around Trent and Trieste . The heir to the commode , Archduke Franz Ferdinand , cherished hopes of recovering Lombardy and Venice , lose to the raw Italian res publica in 1859 and 1866 , and Italian nationalist deplored Austria - Hungary ’s oppression of its Italian nonage , especially the recent Hohenlohe Decrees ban Italians from public authority in August 1913 . Italy and Austria - Hungary were also vie for influence in the Balkans .
In short , many Italians count Austria - Hungary the veridical enemy , motivate Italian diplomatist to sidestep their stakes . In 1902 , Italy and France signed a hidden non - aggression accord as well as a colonial agreement for North Africa , assigningLibyato Italy andMoroccoto France . The Italians also insisted on adding a clause to the Triple Alliance treaty peg down that Italy would never have to crusade Britain . And in 1909 , Italy struck a deal with Russia place to conserve the position quo in the Balkans , which was obviously direct against Austria - Hungary .
But in distinctive fashion , Italian diplomats mostly kept their military colleagues in the dark about these other agreements , since none technically involved new military commitments . As far as Italian superior general were concerned , Italy ’s chief obligations were still to its Triple Alliance partners . Thus in March 1914 , the tribal chief of the Italian worldwide staff , Albert Pollio , dispatch General Luigi Zuccari , the commander of Italy ’s Third Army , to Berlin to forge out plans for military cooperation in the event of a suppositious Gallic flak on Germany .
At a group discussion on March 10 and 11 , 1914 , Zuccari and the German quartermaster general , Major General Count George von Waldersee , check on a warfare plan calling for the transportation of three Italian ground forces corps and two horse divisions through Austria to the Rhine , where they would reinforce German troops facing the French invader . Meanwhile Italy would assault France straight off across their shared frontier , force the French to amuse troop from the main attempt on Germany . In replication ( although the superior general did n’t discuss this ) , Italy could probably expect territorial rewards in Nice , Savoy , Corsica , North Africa , and the Balkans .
This plan was so radically at odds with Italy ’s actual actions just a few months later , it ’s tempting to conclude it must be evidence of Italian duplicity . But Pollio , the conservative chief of the general staff , was a staunch supporter of the Triple Alliance , and Zuccari was only follow his orders . Again , as professional soldier they did n’t consider statesmanship their concern : The fact that Italy ’s civilian governing was more probable to go to war against Austria - Hungary than for her was irrelevant to their responsibility as officers .
consequence were about to reveal the introductory dysfunction in the Triple Alliance . As Austria - Hungary and Germany crusade for war in July 1914 , Italian diplomats correctly pointed out that the pact was defensive in character , and therefore did n’t apply if Austria - Hungary provoked a wide conflict by attacking Serbia . Austria - Hungary also neglected to consult Italy before delivering the calamitous ultimatum to Serbia ( in July 1913 the Italian foreign minister , San Giuliano , hadwarnedAustria - Hungary not to ship on any Balkan escapade without look up Italy first , so there was no excuse for keeping Italy out of the loop one year later ) . ultimately , in July 1914 , Austria - Hungary also seemed to be breaking its promise to give Italy “ compensation ” for any territorial increase Austria - Hungary might make in the Balkans .
In other words , despite the public yell in Germany and Austria - Hungary over Italian “ treachery , ” the fact was Italy had absolutely no obligation to get together their war under the justificative Triple Alliance treaty — and beneath all their feigned outrage , top officials in Berlin and Vienna fuck it . On March 13 , 1914 , the headman of the German general stave , Helmut von Moltke , advised his Austrian twin , Conrad von Hötzendorf : “ At present … we must begin the war as if the Italians were not to be expect at all . ”
See theprevious installmentorall accounting entry .
